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High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a common medical condition where the force of the blood against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high.
What Is High Blood Pressure?
High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a medical condition characterised by the force of blood against the walls of the arteries being consistently too high. It is often described with two measurements: systolic pressure (when the heart beats) and diastolic pressure (when the heart is at rest between beats).
Normal blood pressure is generally around 120/80 mmHg. Hypertension can strain the arteries and the heart, potentially leading to serious health issues, such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney problems if left untreated.
What Are The Causes Of High Blood Pressure?
Several factors can contribute to developing high blood pressure (hypertension). Common causes include:
- Family history of hypertension
- The risk of hypertension generally increases with age as blood vessels lose flexibility
- Men are often at a higher risk of developing hypertension until women reach menopause when their risk becomes comparable
- Certain ethnic groups, such as African Americans, are more prone to developing hypertension
- Lack of physical activity.
- Poor dietary choices, especially high salt intake.
- Excessive alcohol consumption.
- Smoking or tobacco use.
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Sleep Apnea
- Stress
- Certain Chronic Conditions like Diabetes, hormonal conditions (e.g., thyroid disorders), and neurological conditions
What Are The Risks Associated With High Blood Pressure?
High blood pressure, if left untreated or poorly managed, can lead to various serious health risks, including:
- Coronary artery disease
- Heart failure
- Stroke
- Kidney Damage
- Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
- Aneurysms
- Vision loss
- Dementia
- Sexual Dysfunction
- Complications during pregnancy
What Are The Symptoms Of High Blood Pressure?
High blood pressure is often referred to as a “silent killer” because it typically does not cause noticeable symptoms until it reaches a severe or life-threatening stage. Most people with hypertension may not experience any symptoms for years, making regular blood pressure monitoring essential. In some cases, extremely high blood pressure may lead to symptoms such as:
- Intense headaches, particularly at the back of the head
- Fatigue or confusion
- Blurred or double vision
- Chest pain or difficulty breathing
How Is High Blood Pressure Diagnosed?
High blood pressure is diagnosed through blood pressure measurements using a sphygmomanometer or automated monitor. Elevated readings are confirmed through multiple measurements on different occasions to rule out situational factors. Additional monitoring options include ambulatory blood pressure monitoring or home blood pressure monitoring.
In cases where organ damage is suspected, additional tests such as blood tests, urine tests, electrocardiograms, or imaging studies may be recommended. Regular blood pressure checks are crucial for early hypertension detection and effective management.
How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?
Treating high blood pressure typically involves lifestyle modifications and, when necessary, medication. Lifestyle changes include adopting a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy, reducing sodium intake, engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, quit smoking and limiting alcohol consumption.
Medications to lower blood pressure may be prescribed, medications commonly include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers, diuretics or beta-blockers. Regular monitoring, adherence to treatment plans, and ongoing collaboration with healthcare providers are crucial for effective long-term management of high blood pressure.
